B complex is generally used in Phase I Liver detoxification (cytochrome P450 Enzymes). Typically B vitamins should be given in combination as they work synergistically.

The liver plays several roles in detoxification: it filters the blood to remove large toxins, synthesizes and secretes bile full of cholesterol and other fat-soluble toxins, and enzymatically disassembles unwanted chemicals. This enzymatic process usually occurs in two steps referred to as phase I and phase II. Phase I either directly neutralizes a toxin, or modifies the toxic chemical to form activated intermediates which are then neutralized by one of more of the several phase II enzyme systems.

Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin that’s crucial for many vital metabolic and hormonal functions — including the production of digestive enzymes and carrying important nutrients into and out of cells. Due to how it helps convert and synthesize many other compounds within the body, it’s needed for well over 100 daily functions. Some of the roles that are attributed to vitamin B12 include: red blood cell production, DNA/RNA synthesis, methylation and producing the coating of the nerves.

Glutathione (GSH) is a small protein molecule composed of 3 amino acids: cysteine, glutamate, and glycine called GSH precursors or building blocks. GSH is produced out of these three precursors in every cell of the human body and performs many important roles, such as:

1. Regulation of cell growth and division - For cells to grow and divide they go through several very complex stages. Glutathione reduces the oxides, such as hydrogen peroxide, inside the cell that would otherwise prevent cell division and growth.

2. DNA synthesis and repair synthesis - Glutathione protects the DNA from oxidative stress during cell division which allows for DNA synthesis (division). When the DNA is mutated by a free radical stealing an electron from the DNA, glutathione repairs the mutated DNA by giving up an electron to the DNA (replacing the DNA’s missing electron).

3. Protein synthesis - Glutathione maintains our proteins in their proper form. Its sulfur atom reacts with unnatural sulfur. Sulfur bonds in proteins, breaking them and allowing the proper pairings to form. Amino acid transport (movement into, out of, within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter). Glutathione is predominately located in the cell, whereas a major fraction of the cellular y-glutamyl transpeptidase (glutathione enzyme) is on the external surface of cell membranes. This means intracellular glutathione is translocated out of many cells – glutathione moves substances, such as amino acids, in and out of the cell.

4. Enzyme catalysis - Glutathione provides the mechanism by which many enzymes are changed (reduced, transformed or changed from one state to another state). Glutathione is the bridge (catalysis) in the chemical reaction between some enzymes.

5. Enzyme activation - The highly reactive sulfide bond in glutathione wakes up or activates enzymes so that they carry out their function or are moved from one phase to the next.

6. Metabolism of toxins (metabolism or biotransformation – breaking down, activating or transforming) - In the liver, the enzyme glutathione S-transferase takes the sulfur from glutathione and attaches it to toxic molecules, this makes the toxin more water soluble (it is diluted in water easily). Once a toxin is water soluble, it is transported to the body's elimination systems and is excreted from the body.

7. Metabolism of carcinogens - Glutathione enzymes transform carcinogens, through chemical reaction, to unreactive and non-genotoxic compounds that can be eliminated without causing damage to the cell or DNA.

8. Metabolism of xenobiotics (xenobiotics - chemical components (drugs and poisons) foreign to the body) - Glutathione interacts with foreign chemicals (primarily, it is a scavenger of harmful xenobiotics that have been oxidized) compounds to neutralize and break them down, then eliminate them from the body.

9. Conjugation to heavy metals (conjugation – joining with and transforming by becoming part of) Glutathione joins with heavy metals to neutralize them and eliminate them from the body.

10. Conjugation to xenobiotics - In some instances, depending on the state of the xenobiotic, Glutathione joins with it instead of metabolizing it.

11. Enhancement of systemic immune function - The immune system works best if the lymphoid cells have properly balanced glutathione. The cloning of T-cells consumes large quantities of cysteine. Macrophages (type of white blood cells), which are only present in sufficient quintiles when there is sufficient Glutathione, provide the cysteine for the T-cell cloning. Glutathione regulates the binding, internalization, degradation and T-cell proliferation by increasing, as much as two times, the number of binding cellular receptors. More receptors equates to more T-cells being produced simultaneously (multiple T-cell cloning). Cellular GSH also affects the growth and replication of T-cells through growth stimulating cytokines.

12. Enhancement of humoral immune function - The role of glutathione in the humoral response is that it protects the cells taking part in the humoral response all along this complex process.

A quick synapsis of the humoral immune response: “humoral” means circulating in the bloodstream. This is an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells and involves the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen.

The process in a nutshell is that macrophages engulf and digest the invading pathogen. The digested pieces activate helper T cells which in turn activate the proliferation of B cells that are programed for the specific invading pathogen.

1. Resistance to UV radiation - Glutathione detoxifies reactive oxygen radicals created by radiation which reduces the damage to the cell. Glutathione also interacts covalently and noncovalently (neutralizes the reactivity in several ways) with parts of the cell that keep the cell from triggering apoptosis (cell death).

2. Decreases radiation damage - The action of glutathione in decreasing the damage from radiation is the same as in resistance to UV radiation above.

3. Decreases free radical damage - The crucial cysteine molecule is the key to the protection afforded by glutathione. Its sulfur atom scavenges destructive molecules (peroxides and free radicals) converting them to harmless compounds, such as water.

4. Decreases oxyradical damage - Glutathione detoxifies reactive oxygen radicals by giving them an electron which effectively neutralizes them, or glutathione joins with the oxyradical which again neutralizes it.

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient required by all tissues, including the brain. The human body itself cannot produce thiamine but must ingest it with the diet. In the body, particularly high concentrations of thiamine are found in skeletal muscles and in the heart, liver, kidney, and brain. In the tissues, thiamine is required for the assembly and proper functioning of several enzymes that are important for the breakdown, or metabolism, of sugar molecules into other types of molecules (i.e., in carbohydrate catabolism). Proper functioning of these thiamine–using enzymes is required for numerous critical biochemical reactions in the body, including the synthesis of certain brain chemicals (i.e., neurotransmitters); production of the molecules making up the cells’ genetic material (i.e., nucleic acids); and production of fatty acids, steroids, and certain complex sugar molecules. In addition, inadequate functioning of the thiamine–using enzymes can interfere with the body’s defense against the damage (i.e., oxidative stress) caused by harmful, highly reactive oxygen molecules called free radicals.

Thiamine produced by normal microflora in the large intestine is absorbed through a carrier mediated transport mechanism. While alcohol is primarily metabolized in the stomach and small intestine, it is assumed that the large intestine is exposed to alcohol from the blood side instead of the lumen side. As a result of this, alcohol exposure the transporter proteins are also not expressed at the mRNA and transcription level due to alcohol exposure Thiamin is important for pancreatic function because it is used by the pancreas as a coenzyme in energy metabolism.

Zofran is a prescription medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or surgery. Zofran belongs to a group of drugs called serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists, which block serotonin, a natural chemical in the body, from causing nausea and vomiting.